Vascular Malformations: Understanding Abnormal Blood Vessel Networks

Vascular malformations are abnormal clusters or networks of blood vessels that are present from birth and grow slowly over time. They may involve arteries, veins, capillaries, lymphatic vessels, or a combination of these. While some vascular malformations remain silent for years, others can cause pain, swelling, cosmetic concerns, bleeding, or functional problems depending on their size and location. Early evaluation by a vascular specialist helps in planning safe and effective treatment.

Types of Vascular Malformations

Vascular malformations are classified based on the type of vessels involved and the speed of blood flow:

• Venous Malformations: Abnormally formed veins that can cause pain, swelling, and bluish discoloration.
• Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs): Direct connections between arteries and veins, often high-flow and potentially serious.
• Lymphatic Malformations: Abnormal lymphatic channels or cysts leading to swelling and fluid collections.
• Capillary Malformations: Superficial vessel changes often seen as birthmarks or skin discoloration.
• Combined Malformations: Involving more than one type of vessel (e.g., veno-lymphatic or arterio-venous).

Common Symptoms and Concerns

• Localised swelling or a soft lump that may enlarge over time.
• Pain, heaviness, or discomfort in the affected area.
• Skin colour changes, visible veins, or bluish patches.
• Recurrent bleeding, ulceration, or infection over the lesion.
• Functional limitations, deformity, or cosmetic concerns.

Diagnosis of Vascular Malformations

A detailed clinical assessment is combined with imaging to understand the type, extent, and flow characteristics of the malformation:

• Doppler ultrasound to assess blood flow patterns.
• CT or MR angiography to map the vessels and surrounding structures.
• MRI to evaluate soft tissue involvement and depth.
• Conventional angiography for high-flow AVMs requiring intervention.

Treatment Options

Treatment is individualised based on symptoms, location, and type of vascular malformation:

• Sclerotherapy: Injection of a special medicine into the malformation to shrink or close abnormal vessels.
• Embolisation: Blocking abnormal blood flow using coils, glue, or particles, often for AVMs.
• Laser or Local Therapies: For superficial skin lesions and cosmetic improvement.
• Surgical Removal: In selected cases where the malformation is well-defined and accessible.
• Combined Approaches: Using endovascular, sclerotherapy, and surgery together for complex lesions.

Why Timely Evaluation Is Important

Although many vascular malformations are benign, they can enlarge, bleed, or cause functional and cosmetic problems over time. Early diagnosis helps prevent complications, reduce symptoms, and improve appearance and quality of life. Modern minimally invasive techniques make treatment safer and more precise than ever before.

Our vascular team offers comprehensive assessment and advanced treatment options for venous, lymphatic, and arteriovenous malformations. If you or your child has a persistent swelling, birthmark-like lesion, or suspected vascular malformation, schedule a consultation for expert guidance and a personalised care plan.