Understanding Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) is a serious vascular condition in which a blood clot forms in a deep vein—most commonly in the legs. These clots can partially or completely block blood flow, leading to swelling, pain, and potentially life-threatening complications. If left untreated, a clot may travel to the lungs and cause a pulmonary embolism (PE), a medical emergency. Early diagnosis and proper treatment are essential to prevent complications and protect long-term vascular health.

What Is Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?

DVT occurs when a blood clot forms in a deep vein, most commonly in the lower limbs. Reduced blood flow, vessel damage, or increased clotting tendency are common triggers.

What Causes DVT?

DVT develops when blood flow slows down, thickens, or when the vein wall is damaged. Common risk factors include:

• Prolonged immobility such as long travel or bed rest.
• Injury or surgery causing damage to veins.
• Medical conditions like cancer, heart disease, or clotting disorders.
• Hormonal factors including pregnancy or contraceptive pills.
• Lifestyle factors such as smoking, obesity, or dehydration.
• Advanced age, especially over 60.

Signs and Symptoms of DVT

Symptoms may vary, and some patients may experience no symptoms at all. Common warning signs include:

• Swelling in the leg, especially the calf or thigh.
• Cramping or throbbing leg pain.
• Redness or bluish discoloration of the skin.
• Warmth over the affected area.
• Prominent or visible veins near the surface.

Sudden shortness of breath, chest pain, or coughing up blood may indicate a pulmonary embolism and requires immediate emergency care.

Diagnosing DVT

Common diagnostic tools include:

• Ultrasound: The most common and non-invasive method to detect clots.
• D-dimer test: Measures clot breakdown products in the blood.
• Venography: Uses contrast dye and X-rays for precise imaging.
• MRI/CT Scan: Used in more complex cases or when ultrasound is inconclusive.

Treatment Options for DVT

The main goals of treatment are to prevent clot growth, avoid complications, and reduce the risk of future clots.

• Anticoagulant medications: Blood thinners such as warfarin, heparin, or DOACs that prevent further clot formation.
• Thrombolytics: Clot-dissolving drugs used in severe or life-threatening cases.
• Compression stockings: Help reduce swelling and improve blood flow.
• Catheter-directed thrombolysis: Minimally invasive procedure to dissolve or remove large clots.
• IVC filter placement: Prevents clots from reaching the lungs in patients who cannot take blood thinners.
• Lifestyle changes: Staying active, maintaining healthy weight, and avoiding prolonged immobility help prevent recurrence.

Preventing DVT

• Stay active and avoid long periods of sitting or lying down.
• Stay hydrated, especially during travel.
• Wear compression stockings after surgery or long travel.
• Stop smoking and adopt a heart-healthy lifestyle.
• Manage chronic diseases like diabetes or hypertension.

Why Treating DVT is Critical

Untreated DVT can lead to life-threatening complications such as pulmonary embolism, chronic venous insufficiency, or post-thrombotic syndrome. With early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and ongoing care, most patients can recover fully and prevent recurrence. If you experience leg pain, swelling, or symptoms of PE, seek immediate medical attention.

Our vascular specialist provides personalised evaluation and comprehensive treatment options to ensure safe and effective management of DVT. Contact us today for expert care.