Carotid Artery Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Carotid artery disease occurs when the carotid arteries—the major blood vessels on either side of the neck that supply oxygen-rich blood to the brain—become narrowed or blocked. This usually happens due to plaque buildup (atherosclerosis), which reduces blood flow and significantly increases the risk of stroke. Because carotid artery disease often develops silently, early diagnosis and timely treatment are critical.

What Causes Carotid Artery Disease?

The primary cause is atherosclerosis—a buildup of fatty deposits, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances inside the artery walls. Over time, this plaque hardens and narrows the arteries, lowering blood flow to the brain. Risk factors include:

• Smoking: Damages blood vessels and accelerates plaque buildup.
• High Blood Pressure: Increases stress on artery walls.
• High Cholesterol: Promotes plaque formation.
• Diabetes: Causes inflammation and arterial damage.
• Obesity & Physical Inactivity
• Age & Family History: Risk increases over time.

Signs and Symptoms

Carotid artery disease may not show symptoms until it becomes advanced. Warning signs include:

• Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA): Temporary blockage of blood flow causing sudden weakness, numbness, slurred speech, vision issues, or dizziness.
• Stroke: A complete interruption of blood flow leading to paralysis, confusion, severe headache, or loss of consciousness. This is a medical emergency.

Diagnosing Carotid Artery Disease

Early detection reduces the risk of stroke. Diagnostic tools include:

• Carotid Ultrasound: Detects narrowing or blockages.
• CT / MRI Angiography: Provides detailed imaging of carotid arteries.
• Cerebral Angiography: A dye-based imaging test for precise assessment.

Treatment Options

1. Lifestyle Changes

• Quit smoking to prevent further artery damage.
• Follow a heart-healthy, low-fat diet.
• Exercise regularly to improve circulation.

2. Medications

• Antiplatelet drugs (Aspirin, Clopidogrel) to prevent clots.
• Statins to lower cholesterol and stabilize plaque.
• Blood pressure medications to reduce strain on arteries.

3. Surgical & Minimally Invasive Procedures

• Carotid Endarterectomy (CEA): Surgical removal of plaque to restore blood flow.
• Carotid Artery Stenting (CAS): A minimally invasive procedure where a stent is placed to widen the artery and keep it open.

Preventing Carotid Artery Disease

Although age and family history cannot be controlled, adopting a healthy lifestyle greatly reduces your risk. Prevention includes:

• Quit smoking and avoid secondhand smoke.
• Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
• Exercise regularly to strengthen cardiovascular health.
• Manage blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes.
• Schedule regular check-ups and screenings.

Carotid artery disease is a major cause of stroke, which can lead to long-term disability or death. Early diagnosis and treatment significantly reduce the risk and help protect brain function. Our vascular specialists offer advanced diagnostics and personalised treatment options to help you maintain a healthy, stroke-free life.